Tratamento para o diabetes mellitus gestacional: uma revisão de literatura / Treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus: a literature review

O diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) é uma complicação que atinge o metabolismo da gestante, resultando em intolerância à glicose e consequente hiperglicemia, originada pela insuficiência de insulina materna. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar os tratamentos disponíveis e mais utilizados para o DMG. Trata-se de um uma revisão de literatura, feita a partir de 22 referências, acerca dos tratamentos para o DMG. As bases de dados escolhidas foram Google Acadêmico, UpToDate, SciELO e o acervo da Universidade do Planalto Catarinense. Estudos apontam a insulina humana ­ NPH e regular ­ como a principal escolha, quando comparada aos seus análogos, apesar de ainda existirem muitas controvérsias quanto ao início do tratamento, o esquema terapêutico e os ajustes das doses. Pesquisas têm demonstrado bons resultados sobre a eficácia e a segurança dos hipoglicemiantes orais ­ gliburida e metformina ­ no tratamento de gestantes diabéticas, mas é evidente a necessidade de mais estudos para confirmar a efetividade deles e garantir um bom desenvolvimento do concepto. Concluiu-se que o controle dietético e o exercício físico são a primeira opção de tratamento para o DMG. Todavia, caso a euglicemia não seja atingida, opta-se pelo tratamento medicamentoso por meio da insulinoterapia ou hipoglicemiantes orais, o que possibilita a redução da incidência dos efeitos adversos ao binômio materno-fetal.(AU)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (DMG) is a complication that affects the pregnant woman's metabolism, resulting in glucose intolerance and consequent hyperglycemia, caused by insufficient maternal insulin. This study aims to identify the available and most used treatments for DMG. This is a literature review, based on 22 references, about treatments for Gestational Diabetes; the databases chosen were Google Scholar, UpToDate, SciELO and the collection of the Universidade do Planalto Catarinense. Studies point to human insulin ­ NPH and regular ­ as the main choice when compared to its analogues, although there are still many controversies about the beginning of treatment, therapeutic scheme and dose adjustments. Researches have shown good results on the efficacy and safety of oral hypoglycemic agents ­ glyburide and metformin ­ in the treatment of diabetic pregnant women, but it is evident the need for further studies to confirm their effectiveness and to guarantee a good development of the fetus. It was concluded that dietary control and physical exercise are the first treatment option for DGM. However, if euglycemia is not achieved, drug treatment is chosen through insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents, which makes it possible to reduce the incidence of adverse effects to the maternal-fetal binomial.(AU)

Factors associated with the need for insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus / Fatores associados à necessidade de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina na diabetes mellitus gestacional

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with the need for insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods A case-control study was performed from April 2011 to February 2016 with pregnant women with GDM who needed complementary treatments besides diet and physical exercise. Those treated with metformin were compared with those who, in addition to metformin, also needed the combination with insulin. Maternal characteristics and glycemic control were evaluated. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the influence of different therapies on neonatal outcomes. Results A total of 475 pregnant women who needed pharmacological therapy were evaluated. Of these, 366 (77.05%) were submitted to single therapy with metformin, and 109 (22.94%) needed insulin as a complementary treatment. In the analysis of the odds ratio (OR), fasting glucose (FG)<90 mg/dL reduced the odds of needing the combination (OR: 0.438 [0.235-0.815]; p=0.009], as well as primiparity (OR: 0.280 [0.111-0.704]; p=0.007]. In obese pregnant women, an increased chance of needing the combination was observed (OR: 2,072 [1,063-4,039]; p=0,032). Conclusion Obesity resulted in an increased chance of the mother needing insulin as a complementary treatment to metformin, while FG<90 mg/dL and primiparity were protective factors.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados à necessidade de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina em gestantes com diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG). Métodos Um estudo caso-controle foi realizado de abril de 2011 a fevereiro de 2016 comgestantes portadoras de DMG que necessitaram de tratamentos complementares além de dieta e exercícios físicos. Aquelas tratadas commetformina foram comparadas com aquelas que, além da metformina, também precisaram de combinação com insulina. Foram avaliadas as características maternas e de controle glicêmico. Modelos de regressão logística multinomial foram construídos para avaliar a influência das diferentes terapias nos desfechos neonatais. Resultados Foram avaliadas 475 gestantes que necessitaram de terapia farmacológica. Destas, 366 (77,05%) utilizaram terapia única com metformina, e 109 (22,95%) necessitaram de insulina como tratamento complementar. Na análise da razão de possibilidades (RP), a glicemia de jejum (GJ)<90mg/dL reduziu as chances de necessidade da combinação (RP: 0,438 [0,235-0,815]; p=0,009), bem como a primiparidade (RP: 0,280 [0,111-0,704]; p=0,007). Em gestantes obesas, foi observada uma chance maior de necessidade da combinação (RP: 2.072 [1.063-4.039]; p=0,032). Conclusão A obesidade resultou em um aumento na chance de a mãe precisar de insulina como tratamento complementar à metformina, enquanto a GJ<90 mg/dL e a primiparidade foram fatores de proteção.

Segundo Consenso Cubano de Diabetes y Embarazo / Second Cuban Consensus on Diabetes and Pregnancy

En Cuba se desarrolla una importante actividad de diabetes y embarazo y existe un programa nacional acerca de esto. Con el objetivo de actualizar los aspectos más importantes relacionados con estos 2 elementos, se realizó, en abril de 2017, el Segundo Consenso Cubano de Diabetes y Embarazo, para lo cual se constituyeron 6 comisiones de trabajo: Atención preconcepcional a la mujer con diabetes pregestacional, Tamizaje y diagnóstico de la diabetes gestacional, Tratamiento dietético de la mujer embarazada con diabetes, Manejo obstétrico y metabólico de la mujer embarazada con diabetes y Seguimiento y riesgo posparto de la mujer con diabetes. Se aprobaron, entre otros aspectos: la posibilidad de diagnosticar diabetes franca al inicio del embarazo, la búsqueda de diabetes gestacional con prueba diagnóstica a las 26 semanas, el uso de metformina durante el embarazo y de la curva de Hadlock para determinar el peso fetal, y un algoritmo de pesquisa de diabetes para mujeres que han tenido diabetes gestacional(AU)

In Cuba there is an important activity of diabetes and pregnancy, and there is a national program in this regard. The Second Cuban Consensus on Diabetes and Pregnancy was held in April 2017 with the aim of updating the most important aspects related to these 2 elements, for which 6 work commissions were established: Preconceptional care for women with pre-pregnancy diabetes, Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes, Dietary treatment of pregnant women with diabetes, Obstetric and metabolic management of pregnant women with diabetes, and Follow-up and postpartum risk of women with diabetes. Among other aspects, these were approved: the possibility of diagnosing diabetes at the beginning of pregnancy, the search for gestational diabetes with a diagnostic test at week 26, the use of metformin during pregnancy and the Hadlock curves to determine fetal weight; and a diabetes screening algorithm for women who have had gestational diabetes(AU)

Implicações das restrições alimentares na vida diária de mulheres com diabete melito gestacional / Implications of diet restrictions in the daily lives of women with gestational Diabetes Mellitus / Implicaciones de las restricciones alimentares en la vida diaria de mujeres con Diabetes Mellitus en la gestación

A dieta é um dos principais focos do tratamento das gestantes diabéticas, constituindo-se em estratégia recomendada para um acompanhamento gestacional adequado e o nascimento de um bebê saudável. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo descritivo, que objetivou conhecer as implicações das restrições alimentares na vida diária de mulheres com diabete melito gestacional. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital universitário do município de Porto Alegre/RS, por meio de entrevistas com 25 gestantes diabéticas em acompanhamento ambulatorial, entre os meses de julho a novembro de2010. A análise de dados foi do tipo temática. As mulheres apresentam dificuldades em seguir o plano alimentar prescrito, fato que provoca implicações negativas nas suas vidas diárias. A orientação nutricional deve ser flexível e respeitar a condição social de cada gestante. Há necessidade de elaboração de estratégias e propostas de cuidados que auxiliem essas mulheres no enfrentamento dos obstáculos relacionados à dieta alimentar.

Diet is one of the main focuses of treatment for diabetic pregnant women, and constitutes a recommended strategy for appropriate gestational monitoring and healthy childbirth. This qualitative, descriptive study examined the implications of diet restrictions in the daily lives of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. The study was performed between July and November 2010 at a university hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, by means of interviews of 25 diabetic pregnant women in outpatient care. Data assessment was thematic. The women had difficulty sticking to the prescribed diet plan, which has adverse implications for their daily lives. Nutritional counseling should be flexible and contemplate the social condition of each pregnant woman. Care strategies and proposals should be developed to help these women surmount diet-related obstacles.

La dieta es un aspecto importante del tratamiento de las mujeres diabéticas embarazadas, que constituye una estrategia recomendada para un adecuado seguimiento del embarazo y el nacimiento de un hijo sano. Se trata de una pesquisa cualitativa, del tipo descriptivo que tuvo el objetivo de conocer las implicaciones de las restricciones alimentares en la vida diaria de las mujeres con Diabetes Mellitus en la gestación. El estudio fue realizado en un hospital universitario de la municipalidad de Porto Alegre/RS - Brasil, por medio de entrevistas con 25 gestantes diabéticas en acompañamiento ambulatorio,entre los meses de julio a noviembre de 2010. El análisis de datos fue del tipo temático. Las mujeres tienen dificultades para seguir el plan de la dieta prescrita, lo que provoca consecuencias negativas en sus vidas diarias. Asesoramiento nutricional debe ser flexible y respetar la condición social de cada mujer embarazada. Existe la necesidad de desarrollar estratégias y propuestas que ayuden esas mujeres a enfrentaren los obstáculos relacionados con la alimentación.

A low-protein diet during pregnancy prevents modifications in intercellular communication proteins in rat islets

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Diabetes gestacional: um algoritmo de tratamento multidisciplinar / Gestational diabetes management: a multidisciplinary treatment algorithm

O tratamento do diabetes gestacional é importante para evitar a morbimortalidade materno-fetal. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever o tratamento atualmente disponível para o manejo otimizado da hiperglicemia na gestação e sugerir um algoritmo de tratamento multidisciplinar. A terapia nutricional é a primeira opção de tratamento para as gestantes, e a prática de exercício físico leve a moderado deve ser estimulada na ausência de contraindicações obstétricas. O tratamento medicamentoso está recomendado quando os alvos glicêmicos não são atingidos ou na presença de crescimento fetal excessivo à ultrassonografia. O tratamento tradicional do diabetes gestacional é a insulinoterapia, embora mais recentemente a metformina venha sendo considerada uma opção segura e eficaz. A monitorização do tratamento é realizada com aferição da glicemia capilar e com avaliação da circunferência abdominal fetal por meio de ultrassonografia obstétrica a partir da 28ª semana de gestação.

Effective treatment of gestational diabetes is important as an attempt to avoid unfavorable maternal and fetal outcomes. The objective of this paper is to describe the available therapies to optimize gestational diabetes treatment and to suggest a multidisciplinary approach algorithm. Nutrition therapy is the first option for the majority of these pregnancies; light to moderate physical activity is recommended in the absence of obstetrical contraindications. Medical treatment is recommended if glycemic control is not achieved or if excessive fetal growth is detected by ultrasound. Insulin is the standard treatment although oral antidiabetic drugs have recently been considered an effective and safe option. The monitoring of gestational diabetes treatment includes capillary glucose measurements and evaluation of fetal abdominal circumference by ultrasound performed around the 28th gestational week.

Result of ambulatory diet therapy in gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of an ambulatory program for glycemic control of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 33 women with GDM whose FBS from OGTT > or = 105 mg/dl were scheduled to attend weekly ambulatory care for dietary therapy with their family. FBS and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose were monitored every visit for a few weeks. At the end of this program, those with poor glycemic control were admitted for further tight dietary control by conventional 3-day course after which insulin was finally started for the women whose glycemic control remained poor. RESULTS: After the ambulatory program, 14 of 33 cases (42.4%) achieved good glycemic control without hospitalization. Another 6 cases (18.2%) did not need insulin therapy after admission for 3-day intensive dietary therapy. Altogether, 20 out of 33 cases (60.6%) of GDM whose FBS from OGTT > or = 105 mg/dl could avoid insulin therapy after attending the ambulatory program alone or with additional 3-day intensive dietary therapy course. Similar effectiveness was observed from the authors' previous study on 3-day intensive dietary therapy alone. CONCLUSION: The authors' current ambulatory dietary therapy program has shown to be effective in achieving good glycemic control and avoiding unnecessary insulin therapy and admission in most cases of women with GDM. In the future, an even more effective ambulatory diet control may ascertain that once a woman is hospitalized, insulin should be started right away.

Effect of 3-day intensive dietary therapy during admission in women after diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of 3-day intensive dietary therapy during admission on glycemic control. MATERIAL AND METHOD: GDM women, with level of fasting blood glucose (FBS) at or above 105 mg/dl on their oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), were hospitalized. After 3-day intensive dietary therapy, the women were stratified by FBS value and mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose. Those with poor glycemic control, FBS at or above 105 mg/dl, were prescribed insulin therapy. RESULT: Between 1 August 2001 to 31 December 2002, a total of 9861 pregnant women were screened for clinical risk factors of GDM at their first antenatal visits, and 4663 had at least 1 risk. After 50-gm glucose challenge test and 100-gm OGTT GDM was diagnosed in 300 women. Only 18% (54 in 300 cases) of GDM had level of FBS at or above 105 mg/dl on OGTT. They were admitted in a special ward for further investigation and initial management. After 3 days of intensive dietary therapy, the FBS and mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level were monitored and stratified in 3 groups. Only 42.6% of admission group (23 in 54 cases) still had FBS at or above 105 mg/dl and required insulin therapy (group 1). One third (18 in 54 cases) could avoid insulin therapy due to the level of FBS below 105 mg/dl and mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose below 120 mg/dl (group 2). This second group was discharged, and due to attend the high risk pregnancy clinic a few weeks later The third group (group 3), comprising one fourth (13 in 54 cases), had FBS below 105 mg/dl but had a mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose at or above 120 mg/dl. This third group were also discharged and were monitored glycemic profile by FBS and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose every time during their visits to the high risk pregnancy clinic. According to criteria of 2-hour postprandial blood glucose at or above 120 mg/dl on two or more occasions within a 1-2 weeks interval, no one in group 3 needed insulin therapy afterward CONCLUSION: GDM women with FBS at or above 105 mg/dl on their OGTT, should be prescribed intensive dietary therapy alone for 3 days inside hospital rather than initiating insulin immediately after diagnosis. One third had a benefit of avoiding insulin therapy. Only 42% failed to achieve good glycemic control and still needed insulin therapy. One fourth showed optimal glycemic control after this intervention (FBS below 105 mg/dl) but had mean 2-hour postprandial blood glucose at or above 120 mg/dl. Longer trial of dietary therapy should be considered in this last group to avoid over treatment of insulin therapy.

Consenso sobre diabetes gestacional e diabetes pré-gestacional / Consensus about gestational diabetes and pre-gestational diabetes

O grupo de trabalho em Diabetes e Gravidez, reunido durante o XI Congresso Brasileiro de Diabetes, em 1997, elaborou normas para o manejo do diabetes gestacional e pré-gestacional. O rastreamento do diabetes gestacional deve ser seletivo, isto é, dirigido a gestantes com fatores de risco. Para tanto é sugerido o emprego da glicemia de jejum a partir da 20ª semana de gestaçäo. Pontos de corte de 85mg/dl ou 90mg/dl sao sugeridos para classificaçäo de rastreamento positivo, que indica a necessidade de um teste oral de tolerância com 75g de glicose. Esse teste deve ser interpretado de acordo com os crit'erios sugeridos pela organizaçäo Mundial da Saúde (glicemia de jejum >/= 126mg/dl ou glicemia de 2h >/= 140mg/dl). Säo apresentadas também estratégias de manejo metabólico e obstétrico do diabetes gestacional e pré-gestacional.

Plan de alimentación en la diabetes mellitus gestacional / Meal planning during gestational diabetes mellitus

El propósito de este artículo es proporcionar de forma accesible, tanto al médico como a la paciente con diabetes mellitus gestacional, los conocimientos básicos acerca de la composición y contenido calórico de los nutrientes, su organización y equivalencia en el sistema y listas de intercambio de alimentos, de tal forma que dependiendo de los requerimientos calóricos del embarazo y de la actividad física que se desarrolle, facilite la elaboración del plan de alimentación (con gran diversidad de menús) para que la paciente con diabete mellitus logre un buen control metabólico (cifras de glucosa dentro de los límites normales) y disminuya así el riesgo de morbimortalidad perinatal